Choice of Major

Timon Igeria UNDERACHIEVEMENT IN THE UNIVERSITY IS AS A RESULT OF STUDENTS BASING THEIR CHOICE OF PROGRAM ON PRESTIGE. Introduction â€Å"There is, perhaps, no college decision that is more thought-provoking, gut wrenching and rest-of-your life oriented–or disoriented–than the choice of a major. † (St. John, 2000, p. 22) The impact of a wrong or right choice transcends beyond the learning satisfaction because it is correlated with job stability and job satisfaction. One would expect a scholar to choose a university program through extensive research, cognitive decision making and employment of heuristics (pike 200) but unfortunately anecdotal evidence has showed this is not the case. Most students employ tactics of indecision as opposed to cognitive decision making and many times end up in the wrong program (Beggs ,Banthon, Taylor 2008). It is not surprising then that Roese and Summerville (2005) cite meta-analytical evidence that the most frequently identified life regret for Americans involve their educational choices. The problem is not only confined to America but also to Kenya and the rest of the world. Pressure to choose a particular program in university may be intrinsic or extrinsic . One of the most salient reasons why university scholars chose the wrong program is because of prestige which manifests itself in multifarious ways. Prestige is the respect and admiration that something or somebody has because of the social status or that which is admired and respected because it looks expensive and important. Which role does prestige play in the selection of wrong university majors? How does this lead to underachievement? Effect of prestige on the choice of college program Before classifying most of the choices made by students on their university programs as â€Å"wrong†, it is only fair that we elucidate on which parameters we are using to do so. The distinction between a right and wrong program can be explained using Holland’s theory (Holland, 1985). Holland’s theory links psychological factors (student personalities) with sociological factors (characteristics) of academic disciplines to create a model of personal-environmental fit. According to Holland’s theory, individuals can be classified by personality types which can be paralleled to model environments (which in our case are the academic programs) . For example, a realist -a person who prefers activities involving manipulating machines- is best suited for a realistic environment like engineering. Another component of Holland’s theory shows that when there is congruity between a person’s traits and the environment, he/she is likely to flourish. From the information above we can infer that scholars whose personality types don’t match with their programs are in the â€Å"wrong† programs. How does prestige contribute to this? Social prestige Social prestige plays a profound role in the selection of university majors. Top performers in the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K. C. S. E) are faced with a conundrum while making decisions on which program to study for in the university. A student who performs well in the K. C. S. E may be swayed to chose a science related program despite his/her artistic personality type. Artistic careers like arts, English, music, drama and theater (Smart, Feldman and Ethington, 2000) are ranked lowly by the society. Research indicates that most of the top performing students in the Kenya Certificate of secondary school education end up in science related majors . Does this mean that none of the students has an artistic, enterprising, social or conventional personality type? Many of the disillusioned students end up changing their university majors after lacking interest. In one career fare organized by Equity Bank, a student revealed how she chose to pursue medicine because of social prestige (she had emerged as the second student nationally in K. C. S. E) but ended up leaving the program for Business Communication after one year because that was where her passion was. Family prestige A research by Jeri Mullins Beggs, John H. Bantham, Steven Taylor (2008) on the factors affecting choice of college major showed that very few students use career planning tools and information research when choosing a program. Where do students get career information to choose programs from? Many students rely on personal sources which are prejudiced by prestige for information especially parents. In addition, a significant number of parents would want their children to pursue prestigious programs which they wanted to pursue but did not have the chance to do so . Parents, unlike students, often view education as an investment in which they expect huge returns ( Nabeel, Conaty and To 1989, p. 252). To them, when their child performs well in K. CSE, he/she should undertake a prestigious major like medicine, engineering and law. This will enable them to have successful careers and return the investments that were made. In the same breath, the parents will be proud about the courses selected because society reveres the family. Most students who follow their parents’ choice end up being dissatisfied with their programs and some even discontinue and join other programs(often of a lesser societal rank). Career and institutional prestige Career prestige is another factor that affects the students’ career choice. The choice of a college major plays a critical role in determining the expected future earnings of the college students. (Arcidiano, Hotz, Kang 2011). Many students choose a career based on the future earning streams associated with it. Prestigious careers like medicine, engineering, law, actuarial science and financial engineering are associated with higher future income streams hence more preferred. A student might choose a prestigious career which is not in line with his/her abilities because it has a higher potential for financial success. Job security and job stability are also critical factors in the choice of the college program. The following was the response by a student in regard to her major choice, â€Å"In choosing a major, I considered how marketable the degree would be, and what city or area I wanted to be in. I wanted a degree that I could go most anywhere and find a job† (College Student Journal, 2008). In Kenya, a significant number of the top students choose Medicine because it has been associated with job security and stability over engineering which is mostly contractual. The problem is worse in South Korea where the university chosen is predicted as the highest determinant of the income that one is going to receive (Changui Khan, 2004). In Kenya some students compromise programs which fit their personality types just because they don’t â€Å"like† the university or campus. Students would want to be associated with the best ranked universities. Most students who pursue majors because of career financial security end up disappointed: there is no match with their personalities. Conclusion Kenya needs the right scholars to develop it as it endeavors to achieve its Vision 2030 goals. Scholars who are not only academically apt, but can also create pragmatic solutions and innovations able to progress the country. The practice of basing the choice of university program on prestige is apocryphal and should be discouraged . Students should choose programs based on their interest after intensive research and outsourcing. References 1. British Educational Research Journal published by Taylor& Francis Limited, Vol 33, No2 Apr 2007 2. Reasearch in Higher Education Vol 47, No7 (Nov, 2006) pp801-822 published by springs. 3. College Student Journal, June 2008,Distinguishing the Factors Influencing College Student Choice of Major Jeri Mullins Beggs, John H Banthon, Steven Taylor (www. findarticles. com) 4. Tapscott, D. (1998). Growing up digital: The rise of the net generation. New York: McGraw-Hill. 5. Roese, N. J. , & Summerville, A. 2005). What we regret most †¦ and why. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31 (9, September), 1273-85. 6. Smart, J. C, and Feldman, K. A. (1998). â€Å"Accentuation effects† of dissimilar academic departments: An application and exploration of Holland's theory. Research in Higher Education 39: 385-418. 7. Howard, J. A. (2005). Why should we care about student expectations? In: Miller, T. E. , Bender, B. E. , and Schuh, J. H. ; Associates (eds. ), Promoting Reasonable Expectations: Aligning Student and Institutional Views of the College Experience Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 10-33.

Nostra Aetate

Years ago, a man was crucified for saying he was God’s Son. His name was Jesus Christ. Those who followed his teachings were named Christians; and Christians soon resented Jews for their sinful act. This tension between Christians and Jews lead to increasing hatred for one another. Not too long ago, anti-Semitism was common. Anti-Semitism led to the death of an entire population during the Holocaust. Luckily, the church has taken measures to rectify this anti-semitism with the publication of Nostra Aetate.In 1965, the Vatican II Council completely transformed the church’s policies and theology with this document. Nostra Aetate signifies â€Å"In Our Time. † Indeed, in our time, the ill sentiments towards Jews have changed tremendously. Nostra Aetate is a unifying document that has not only led to peaceful coexistence of the Catholic and Judaic faith but also understanding of many other faiths. Ultimately, it has enabled the education of Catholicism in universitie s, as well as in organizations. From the beginning of time, men have had continuous arguments over religion.Religion has been the greatest source of disagreement between cultures. Even the foundation of America was built on religious freedom, as Puritans from Great Britain came to the United States to practice their religion freely. The biggest religious disagreement, however, has been between the Catholics and the Jews. Section four of Nostra Aetate is the most important section of the entire document. It reaffirms the religious bond shared by Jews and Catholics, talks about the eternal covenant between God and the People of Israel, and disproves the church’s desire to baptize Jews..This document states, â€Å"Humanity forms but one community. This is so because all stem from the one stock which God created to people the entire earth (see Acts 17:26), and also because all share a common destiny, namely God. † Nostra Aetate acknowledges that the religions of Judaism an d Christianity believe in a sole higher being, God, which unifies them. Nostra Aetate made it possible for Catholics and Jews to coexist, and promoted the acceptance of each other’s faith. There is a sense of unity that this document possesses. It promotes dialogue with all other world religions.The Catholic Church took a stand in writing Nostra Aetate, and urged, â€Å"its sons and daughters to enter with prudence and charity into discussion and collaboration with members of other religions. † Moreover, Nostra Aetate is significant to theology because it has led to the increasing teachings of Catholicism worldwide. If applied, to this course, for example, the title of this course is the Religious Quest. Quest is defined as â€Å"an act or instance of seeking. † In a way, through Nostra Aetate, the Catholic Church was searching for understanding and resolution.At Boston College, one of the course requirements is theology. A reason for this may be due to Nostra A etate; it has made understanding other religions a priority to many institutions all over the world. Understanding each other’s religions could dissipate many of the foolish arguments that occur daily. The most misunderstood religious group at this moment is Islam. At Boston College, however, we can take a theology class focused on Islam, or Africism or any religion. We are given the chance to go on a â€Å"quest,† and to learn about any religion we want.A big reason for this is due in large part to Nostra Aetate. Nostra Aetate in that sense brings everyone together. Nostra Aetate made religious awareness more accessible, as various committees were created such as Nostra Aetate foundation, founded in 1990. Its purpose is described as â€Å"The purpose of the chair is to promote the understanding of religious, ethical and cultural values in national societies and in international relations, especially transatlantic relations. † Furthermore, Nostra Aetate also all owed the creation of a committee, named a Muslim-Catholic Liason Committee.This committee promotes the communication between Muslims and Catholic, and meets once a year to study together. They pick a theme from the point of view of the two religions, and â€Å"discuss the current situation of relations between Christians and Muslims. † They also try to identify where tensions and conflicts occur between the two groups. Such behavior, was uncommon prior to Nostra Aetate. It is unbelievable that these two groups can come together to not only discuss their issues but to an end to them. Nostra Aetate has been revolutionary in the changes regarding religious relations.Organizations have been formed for the sole purpose of educating people on religion. Universities make religious classes mandatory. Nostra Aetate is also important because the Catholic Church sets an example for all of its followers. If the Church accepts all religions, then maybe all Catholics will start to feel the same. Nostra Aetate has of course not destroyed all unwelcoming feelings towards religions, but it has at least decreased the criticisms. It has surely been a momentary document â€Å"in our time. † | |Works Cited Akasheh, Khaled. Nostra Aetate: 40 Years Later. † New Home Page Navigation Top. 28 June 2006. Web. 18 Oct. 2010. <http://www. ewtn. com/library/CHISTORY/chrstnsmslms. HTM>. Kasper, Walter C. â€Å"Welcome to the Vatican's Commemoration of the 40th Anniversary of Nostra Aetate. † Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations. 25 Oct. 2005. Web. 19 Oct. 2010. <http://www. ccjr. us/dialogika-resources/documents-and-statements/roman-catholic/kasper/654-wk05oct27>. Telenet Service. Web. 18 Oct. 2010. <http://users. telenet. be/mb10366/>.

Fetal Pig Dissection Essay

-Three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva; the parotid, submandibular (sub maxillary), and sublingual glands The parotid is the largest and most easily visible of all the salivary glands. The sunbmaxillary is bean shaped and located under the bigger parotid gland. The submandibular gland lies near the jaw line. Glottis -The opening between the vocal cords at the upper part of the larynx. The epiglottis is what covers the glottis during swallowing, to block food/water form getting in the trachea. Epiglottis -The function of the epiglottis in a pig is to prevent food from going into the trachea. Epiglottis is attached to the entrance of the larynx and is made of elastic cartilage. The epiglottis projects up through the soft palate into a region called the nasopharynx Thymus Gland -Gland located near the heart; produces several hormones which stimulate development of cells important in immmunity Thyroid Gland -Endocrine gland located below the voice box; it produces hormones which control metabolism. The thyroid gland is darker and lies between the posterior ends of the two lobes of the thymus gland. Esophagus -Muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is dorsal to the trachea. Vocal Chords Lungs -To breathe, oxygenize blood Bronchi – At end of trachea, branches for air to enter lungs. Stomach – Digests food, breaks it down Small Intestine – Finishes digestion, absorbs nutrients, moves food to large intestine Large Intestine – Larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation Rectum – A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated; straight, posterior part of large intestine Cecum – The cecum houses a large number of bacteria that help in digestion of plant materials, mostly cellulose, that remains undigested in the stomach and small intestine. Appendix – Evolutionary remains of a larger cecum Anus – It allows the pig to release waste Liver – Organ that makes bile to break down fats; also filters poisons and drugs out of the blood Pancreas – Gland that produces hormones that regulate blood sugar; produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids; and produces sodium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes stomach acid Spleen – Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells

Application Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Application Question - Essay Example Nonetheless, Television presents the economic performance on main economic players within a country and presents. The television is always accurate in presenting the share indices of companies trading in the stock exchanges thus a useful source for the public and other stakeholders who wish to invest in such firms (White, Angappa, and Matthew 47). However, provision of economic information on the television sets tends to undermine local entrepreneurship and Instead of promoting local economic drives individuals to favour multinational enterprise. Television, as a creative industry, has also been instrumental in integrating cultural needs and expectations of the public through various programs (White, Angappa, and Matthew 47). Television is always vital in upholding cultural heritage of a country through awareness creation among the locals or residents. So often, it is common to witness a country promoting its local culture through television as the most preferred mainstream media. To individuals who prefer to uphold their cultural heritage, television is a modest way of accepting their culture and belonging. More important, television is a way of creating cultural tolerance since the programs are always multinational (White, Angappa, and Matthew 47). However, television breeds bad behaviours among the public bringing into question the role it plays in integrating cultural needs and expectations. The implication is that television promotes externally imposed cultural values making individuals to disregard their local norms because they prefer affluent cultures that they watch on their television sets. Of the two significances, economic integration is the major contribution of television that steers development in any given country. The implication is that economic integration focuses on accessibility of information which is very crucial for development and generation of investment

ECONIMIC CONCEPTS-GLOBAL CUSTOMERS Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ECONIMIC CONCEPTS-GLOBAL CUSTOMERS - Coursework Example This means that by resorting to produce a chicken, Michelle would forego the value of producing 4 pounds of potato. Answer 3 The opportunity cost of James of potato producing is (=40/80), i.e. ? chicken per pound of potato. Thus by producing 1 pound of potato, James would forgo the value of producing ? number of chicken per year. Answer 4 The opportunity cost of chickens production for James is (=80/40), i.e. 2 pounds of potato per chicken. This means that James would forgo the value of producing 2 pounds of potato for choosing to produce 1 chicken. Answer 5 The absolute advantage of the activities of producing potatoes and chickens by Michelle and James could be determined by comparing their production of chickens and potatoes per unit time, i.e. 1 year. This could be determined from the table given below. Â   Potatoes (pounds) Chickens (nos.) Michelle 200 50 James 80 40 It could be observed that Michelle could produce 4 pounds of potato per chicken in one year while James could pr oduce 2 pounds of potato per chicken in the same time period. For producing both potatoes and chickens, Michelle has an absolute benefit compared to James in the volume of potatoes and the number of chicken produced by them in one year. Answer 6 The comparative advantage would be attained if the opportunity cost is lower as compared to that of the others. ... This means that James have attained comparative advantage over Michelle as he has sacrificed lesser value as compared to Michelle for producing chickens. Answer 8 Assuming Michelle specializes in producing potatoes and James specializes in producing chickens, a trading rate of 2.5 pounds of potatoes in exchange of 1 unit of chicken would help to determine whether it’s better off for them. This trading rate is better than the opportunity cost of 1 chicken for 4 pounds of potato produced by Michelle. Thus Michelle would be better off in trading with his specialization. Also, the trading rate is better than 2 pounds of potato for 1 chicken produced by James. Thus James would also be better off in this situation. Answer 9 The above findings could be narrated to the business, society and the nations, at large to effect use of trade theory that explain the difference between absolute advantage and the comparative advantage. It has been observed that although James does not hold abso lute advantage in production of either potatoes or chickens, he has still been able to attain a better off position in trading of chickens. This is because James has focused on his specialized area where he holds a comparative advantage over Michelle. The same is applicable to the business, society and the nations. The business, society and the nations which lag in their production volumes per unit time as compared to others may not hold absolute advantage over others. The benefits of trade, however, do not depend on the absolute advantage but depends on the comparative advantage (Maneschi, 1998). By specializing on trade in which entities have comparative

Education Pendulum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education Pendulum - Assignment Example From the report it is clear that education has been going back and forth over years, and this is because we have been trying to improve the education style. The pendulum swing occurs due to the reason that, whenever we are trying to improve education, hence we set some procedures but unfortunately we left the objectives pending. The suspension of the predetermined goals are like rolling the ball up the hill and later living it rolling back before we get the ball at the apex of the hill. This trend of leaving the ball to roll back to the bottom of the hill has been going on in the education system. Hence, the education system has been swing just like the pendulum ball. As the study highlights around 40 years ago, most parts of the world preferred the use of television as a learning tool. Most education movies were introduced; hence everyone was swing from teacher system to television learning system. Television was viewed as means of taking students globally to watch the realistic shows such as; kissing Queen Isabella goodbye. Moreover, the television was more efficient compared to the certified teacher because it was simple to replay what the students had not understood. The television was not emotional as compared to teacher hence it was friendly and fair to students. Educational pendulum exists due to the vicious cycles in the society. The society undergoes long-term cycles. Vicious cycles in the society undergo changes which eventually go back to the initial starting point. Same as the education system cycles exist bringing about the education pendulum.

Music in Japanese Animation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Music in Japanese Animation - Essay Example The beginning of Anim of Japanese animation dates back to the early years of the 20th century. Patten (2004) mentions that the earliest Japanese animation was inspired by the pioneer animators of France, Germany and the United States. Anim during that period was basically an approach by Japanese filmmakers to experiment with the animation techniques. The first known anim was screened in 1917, which was a two minute clip of a samurai trying his new sword on a target only to face defeat. It is only in the 1930s that animation has successfully become an alternative from of story-telling in Japan. The reason for its lagging behind the European and American film industries is the small market size of Japanese live-action industry suffering from budgeting and other restrictions. Shooting films set on European or American backdrop was almost next to impossible for Japan due to lack of finance as well as absence of a fantasy world in Japan. In other words, the scope was really limited for Ja panese film industry.

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 17

Business Law - Essay Example Long Haul Moving Co. failed to make payments to Acme Box and Container Co. even after the company had manufactured and transported the boxes. Acme thus files a legal suit in which the company accuses Long Haul for breaching the contract. Such is an appropriate move that would settle the case. As discussed earlier, a contract is a legally binding document. As such, the contract alongside will explain the cases of each party thus discovering the liable party. Apparently, Long Haul refuses to pay for the services since Acme did not print the name of the company on the boxes as the two had agreed. With such, Long Haul will defend itself by explaining the box manufacturing company did not meet its obligations thus validating it refusal to make payments. According to the contract, Long Haul Moving Co. described the type and quality of boxes for the company to manufacture. Among the key features, that the company had described and include in the contract was the name and logo imprints. The two are fundamental features of the company. This implies that their placements on the packaging boxes were essential to the company. By failing to place them strategically as described in the contract, Acme Box and Container Co beached the contract thus compelling Long Haul to withhold payments. Another equally important feature of the contract that Acme Box and Container Co. did not meet was the time of delivery. According to the contract, Acme Box and Container Co. was to deliver five thousand boxes on May 1. However, the company did not beat the deadline thus delivering five hundred boxes on June 1. The two are important beaches of the contract and therefore formidable defenses for Long Haul Company. As explained earlier, parties enter the agre ement and promise to uphold the terms of the contract the type of the boxes including the tie of delivery were essential details

Terrorist Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Terrorist Behavior - Essay Example One such study is how close terrorists live in proximity to where the terrorist act occurs. Many studies have been conducted to ascertain how close terrorists live with respect to areas they strike. One such was carried out by the National Institute of justice. In its study, it examined sixty terrorist cases that have hit the United States in the past twenty five yeas. The study revealed that terrorists live close to their targeted area (Smith, (n.d)). For instance, the study reveals that among the cases examined, terrorist lived within 30 miles from their targets. This was evident in a case study with respect to McVeigh the mastermind of September 11 terrorist attacks and Rudolph the mastermind behind the bombing of abortion clinic in Birmingham. In this case it was noticed that they lived closer to their target points before carrying out the attacks (Smith (n.d)). Preparation time is another question that lingers in the minds of many researchers. The study by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) reveals that terrorist acts do not just happen in a matter of days but instead goes through a number of strategic planning. For this reason, the finding showed that terrorists take several months or years before accomplishing their mission (Smith, (n.d)). With regard to the whether there is a difference in proximity and preparation for domestic and international terrorists, the findings showed almost similar pattern. In this case, the findings by the National Institute of Justice revealed that in both cases the proximity of the target point is close. For example according to analysis of survey conducted by National Institute of Justice, about half of domestic terrorist and close to three-fifth of international terrorists actually lived within thirty miles of their targets. This trend seems to make it easier for the terrorists to carry out intensive surveillance and other

Financial Management Individual Work 1 Week 10 Essay

Financial Management Individual Work 1 Week 10 - Essay Example Multinational firms experience economies of scale as part of their financial strategies. This relates to the advantages that accrue to a firm as a result of large-scale production. The large volume of the units produced by the firms, result in a decrease in the cost of producing each individual product. Through the process of rationalization, multinational corporations are able to achieve the advantages of worldwide integration as they are able to manage their resources adequately. It further allows subsidiary firms to adapt to the specific product needs and financial requirements of the countries in which they operate such as taxation and other business regulations. The subsidiaries are encouraged to operate as national firms through compliance with the specific needs of the nations in which they are located but retaining some advantages such as sharing of financial risks with their affiliated firm. Another advantage of economies of scale is that it reduces the cost of raw materials as well as other overhead costs which lead to huge profits in the long-run (Ogilvie, 2006). World-wide integration strategy allows multinational firms to develop standardized products which bear global appeal thus are able to generate huge profits owing to the fact that they are generally accepted and preferred by many people. Multinational firms can be adversely affected by the regulations imposed by banking institutions operating globally. Such challenges may be due to liquidity problems and interest rates. As a result, financial managers of the multinational firms must consider the cost of accessing loans in their countries of operation as well as investment opportunities available in those countries. They prefer operating in countries in which the banking sector is subject to international policies which have been set up by the International Monetary Fund. The domestic firms are in direct

Fantasys Inability to Overcome Reality Essay Example for Free

Fantasys Inability to Overcome Reality Essay Although Williamss protagonist in A Streetcar Named Desire is the romantic Blanche DuBois, the play is a work of social realism. Blanche explains to Mitch that she fibs because she refuses to accept the hand fate has dealt her. Lying to herself and to others allows her to make life appear as it should be rather than as it is. Stanley, a practical man firmly grounded in the physical world, disdains Blanches fabrications and does everything he can to unravel them. The antagonistic relationship between Blanche and Stanley is a struggle between appearances and reality. It propels the plays plot and creates an overarching tension. Ultimately, Blanches attempts to remake her own and Stellas existences? to rejuvenate her life and to save Stella from a life with Stanley? fail. One of the main ways Williams dramatizes fantasys inability to overcome reality is through an exploration of the boundary between exterior and interior. The set of the play consists of the two-room Kowalski apartment and the surrounding street. Williamss use of a flexible set that allows the street to be seen at the same time as the interior of the home expresses the notion that the home is not a domestic sanctuary. The Kowalskis apartment cannot be a self-defined world that is impermeable to greater reality. The characters leave and enter the apartment throughout the play, often bringing with them the problems they encounter in the larger environment. For example, Blanche refuses to leave her prejudices against the working class behind her at the door. The most notable instance of this effect occurs just before Stanley rapes Blanche, when the back wall of the apartment becomes transparent to show the struggles occurring on the street, foreshadowing the violation that is about to take place in the Kowalskis home. Though reality triumphs over fantasy in A Streetcar Named Desire, Williams suggests that fantasy is an important and useful tool. At the end of the play, Blanches retreat into her own private fantasies enables her to partially shield herself from realitys harsh blows. Blanches insanity emerges as she retreats fully into herself, leaving the objective world behind in order to avoid accepting reality. In order to escape fully, however, Blanche must come to perceive the exterior world as that which she imagines in her head. Thus, objective reality is not an antidote to Blanches fantasy world; rather, Blanche adapts the exterior world to fit her delusions. In both the physical and the psychological realms, the boundary between fantasy and reality is permeable. Blanches final, deluded happiness suggests that, to some extent, fantasy is a vital force at play in every individuals experience, despite realitys inevitable triumph.

The Future of the Middle East Essay Example for Free

The Future of the Middle East Essay The repercussions in the wider Middle East should have spurred more emphasis on the other nations. When the United States decided to invade Iraq in 2003, the whole of the Middle East underwent numerous changes. Some of the more secured regimes were actually discredited with quite important examples of the inability of these countries in their abilities to cope with the crisis. The entire region was thrown into an atmosphere of anti-Americanism. Robin Wright’s â€Å"Dreams and Shadows† captures the future of the Middle East, veering away from the more controversial war in Iraq and its consequences. It is able to describe the struggles of the people in Iran including other countries such as Morocco. She airs what others are not able to say, giving her an edge as she naturally has an access to the inner chambers of the experiences and journeys, with her journalistic experience to her credit. Vicariously, readers were able to glean her many experiences such as when she was present when the ruins of the United States Embassy in Beirut stood before her, knowing that there were 60 Americans who had been killed then by a suicide bomber. She ponders that at that time, she felt that the Islamic fundamentalists had the upper hand and who dominated the future of the region. Today, she speaks her heart all too willingly as she says that Islamic extremism is no longer the most important, interesting and dominant force in the Middle East. This book speaks of the different stories that relate to the brave reformers in terms of their human rights. She knows that there is a culture of change that is represented by the different upright persons who cause a change in the system. Those who have tried to achieve some changes are, sadly, just the religious movements such as the Hamas in Gaza and the Hezbollah in Lebanon. The recent events have convinced leaders that these suicide bombers are part of the dangerous trend of events. The author examines the reasons why the moderate reformers have been unsuccessful in the way they have acted in the Middle East. Wright gives a tug to the heart in her book as she narrates the heroes and heroines who publicly denounce inhumanity. She suggests how these autocratic regimes in the Middle East have been quite corrupt in the way they have run their governments. She looks at the different ethical dilemmas that arise at all levels. Individuals are often faced with ethical questions. More often than not, the answers to these questions are difficult because it involves weighing of values. Conflicting values in a given situation are not capable of compromise. One has to choose one over another. Sometimes, the ethically correct course of action is clear, and hopefully individuals act accordingly. But the answers are often not simple. The availability of weapons of mass destructions from rogue states is an alarming reality today, which maybe used against countries that adopt democracy as a way of life. This makes terrorism not only a threat to democracy, but also to the stability of the world as a whole, and most importantly, the preservation of human race. After the bombings, the border restrictions and protections in different nations were questioned. How did it come to be that the suspected hijackers managed to obtain visas easily and to use them freely? Thus, the U. S. –Mexico border was rigorously restricted but, quite confusingly, fewer restrictions were placed upon European, Asian and Middle-Eastern countries, resulting in hundreds of non-immigrants passing through the country where the government had no actual control. They were allowed to engage in activities in violation of their visas. Over and above that, a major aspect seriously affected by the actions taken by the government against terrorism was the civil liberty. What is to be noted is the different target areas that need to be address. She sees the potential for a meeting of the minds between the Hamas and the Fatah so that there will be democracy in Palestine. After the 9/11 bombings, the nation was swept with investigations and questionings. Many, mostly from the Middle-East communities were arrested and detained. There were people who were secretly indicted just because of several false statements in their Social Security card application; statements they made because they needed to work. A great number of the detained suspects of the 9/11 bombings, including the suspected terrorist group members and supporters of terrorist groups, cannot be charged with any crimes because of lack of evidence or the prosecutors could not really indict them with anything based on the 1996 Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. Still, they were â€Å"jailed for â€Å"questioning† or as material witness, detained on â€Å"immigration holds. † Because they have not been charged with any crimes, the victims of the Government’s post-September 11 nation-wide dragnet have few constitutional protections, and for the most part are unable to defend themselves because there are no known charges to defend against. The Government refused to release the names of the detained, the reasons for the arrests and where they were being detained. It was obvious the detainees had no access to representation. A new rule was issued by the Department of Justice giving INS the power to decide whether to release the immigrant detained on a reasonable bail or not. The stay of release was affected until the Attorney General reviews the case and determines appropriate action, which could happen in months, even years Indeed, Wright brings to question the array of ideas that make the region possess a rich past. What is to be noted is the different target areas that need to be address. She sees the potential for a meeting of the minds between the Hamas and the Fatah so that there will be democracy in Palestine. REFERENCES The New York Times. Retrieved Jan. 20, 2009 at: http://www. nytimes. com/2008/03/02/books/review/Cockburn-t. html? _r=1 Wright, Robin. Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East. Penguin Press HC, The (February 26, 2008)

The Perception Of Happiness In Teenagers Philosophy Essay

The Perception Of Happiness In Teenagers Philosophy Essay Most teenagers do not know the true meaning behind happiness. A teenager usually feels stuck between childhood and adulthood, and that explains their mood shifts. In this research, a teenager was interviewed about his perspectives of how he can be happy just to derive some points to help answer my research question. For happiness to reside inside the teenage soul is quite a difficult task due to the teenagers unstable mood swings. If the teenager were to grow up as a depressed person, nothing good will come out of our country in future generations. Introduction The teenage stage in life is known to be the most complicated stage that a person undergoes. In that stage, teenagers are stuck between two stages; the childhood and adulthood. Teenagers want to be treated like adults, yet their actions show that they are still immature. For happiness to reside inside the teenage soul is quite a difficult task due to the teenagers unstable mood swings. The number of depressed teens in the world seems to be increasing. People wonder why when the have these wonderful technology nowadays, but maybe these miscellaneous items arent where happiness come from One reason behind teenagers sadness is maybe because teenagers dont know the true meaning and way of being happy. If teens grow up to be depression people, they will absolutely affect our community in many negative ways. It is a very critical matter to know of some ways that teenagers can achieve happiness by. The aim of this research is to find out more about true happiness in teenagers and what they can do to be happy. This is a serious matter that needs to be also dealt in professional hands because teenagers are very complicated people. Research Question: What are some ways that will help teenagers achieve true happiness? Literature review Strack, Schwarz, Gschneidinger (1985) assert, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦one must consider the psychological mechanisms that mediate between the external event and individuals happiness and satisfaction. Strack, Schwarz, Gschneidinger mention that a persons way of thinking, his psychological thoughts, will help him reach happiness and satisfaction with the outside world. They show that it isnt the external stituations that makes a person happy. Infact it is the psychological mechanism that a person thinks in that will make that person happy and satisfied. According to Martin (2005), happiness consists of a combination of three distinct elements; pleasure, the absence of displeasure, and satisfaction. All these elements seem to come from emotional and psychological areas. The first element pleasure is in the emotional state of feeling great. The second element the absence of displeasure, he quite reflects that no matter what happens, a person should not feel bad or unsatisfied with what he has. The third element satisfaction, he clearly says that one should always be satisfied. All these psychological elements seem to be revolving around the same concept. Stein (2011) says, Its far more likely the cashier was rude because of something in his own life. Furthermore, you will be happier if you assume his bad manners are due to his own issues. Thats two good reasons to assume it has nothing to do with you and move on. Stein gives an example of a situation that a person can face in an optimistic manner were she describes an angry cashier that sort of spoke in a rude manner. Instead of making a scene about it, Stein shows that if you show empathy towards the cashier and think that maybe he had a bad day, you will be much happier and his problems wont affect you. Stein also said, If you look hard enough, you can find something to learn and some good in any situation. Everyone has ups and downs in his or her life. The ups are the ones that any person does his or her best to cherish and love them, which is a good thing. But, when a bad thing or situation happens, people try to isolate these memories yet they know they cant. This will affect them mentally. But if they were to learn from these experiences and find the good in them, they will be happier no matter what happened. Methodology Section Type of Research: survey. Data Collection Tool: Tape-Recorded Interview Although there are many types of data collection tools, the most suitable tool for this research is a tape-recorded interview. An interview makes it easier for the interviewee to express his emotions and describe his real life experiences, noting down every single detail. That way the interviewee can tell his answers and descriptions more clearly and accurately. Background of interviewee: When picking an interviewee candidate for my interview, the following must be kept in consideration: A person who is a teenager (age 12-18): a teenager must be the interviewee to know how teenagers think and act. One must not interview an adult for a teenagers point of view. A person who always tends to avoid having problems: Such a teenager will not have many problems with other people, hence he will hardly be sad. A person who is happy and satisfied with life: Knowing what made him happy or how did he become happy will greatly assist this research. A person who is very calm and doesnt act irrationally: Such teens will know how to act in harsh situations without hurting themselves. Analysis and Interpretation The interviewee seems to be very understanding on the way other teenagers think. He grew up in the hands of very strict parents, yet he never complained about them. In fact, he always mentions how much he loves them and how grateful he is towards them. He also mentions some mistakes that teenagers always do. The interviewee starts the interview by giving two common wrong thoughts of what teenagers think happiness is. Teenagers usually think that happiness comes either from extrinsic items, like gifts and expensive objects, or intrinsic bonds, like those between your family and friends. The interviewee states, happiness is just how you think and how you interpret the problems you face in your everyday life. He says that happiness is more of a mindset rather than a physical or emotional being. The interviewee gives a wrong common interpretation that teenagers think when he gives an example to his description of happiness. He said, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦when you face a problem between you and your family, what a teenager usually thinks that his parents hates him and that his life is overà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Then he gives a consequence to this thinking when he says, then slowly these negative thoughts start controlling him gradually and he will end up hating his parents. He shows that this way of thinking is one of the reasons why teenagers are unhappy. He then shows the correct way of thinking when he said, But if he thinks about it in a positive way, like instead of his parents hating him, he should think that his parents are doing this to protect him, he will be a much happier and thankful person. He shows that optimism and empathy will make any teenager more happy and accepting. He summarizes his point that happiness comes from positive thinking. The interviewee shows that with the correct mindset, a teenager can feel like the happiest person in the world when he said, I really like to think of myself as from the happiest kids on earth because I believe when u thinks like that you feel like that. He shows that even if there is a problem, being proactive is best to solve it and therefore be much happier. He implies if a teenager is not proactive, his problems will gradually grow and expand, and they might reach to a point where this problem will affect him negatively. The interviewee shares some of his methods that make him happy when he said, Well I try my best to think of my life and problems in a different way, by always thinking positive. Plus I always tend to expect the worst, but not in a pessimistic way. He gives an additional example were he shows that happiness comes from the correct thoughts or the correct mindset. He shows that having humble expectations can help a teenager be much more happy and appreciative in any situation. The interviewee describes himself as any other teenager, showing that he can also be in the same situation that any teenager can be in. The only different thing is the way he acts in that situation. He implies that being self-aware and proactive is the best way to approach a situation. This way a teenager can solve any problem that stands in his way, therefore making him a happier person. In the end of the interview, the interviewee asserted that happiness is internal, and that any teenager can be happy if he wants to. He indirectly states again that true happiness comes from the correct mindset. Conclusion So, What are some ways that will help teenagers achieve true happiness? Research Question Answers: They should think positively. They should show empathy toward others. They should be optimistic. They should be proactive towards their problems. They should have humble expectations They should be self-aware. In conclusion, the mistakes those teenagers commit mostly revolve around their negative thoughts. This is one of the reasons that lead them to be depressed. Teens should be taught of such helpful methods that the interviewee showed and even more. Teenagers are the future of our community and they should be filled with happiness and bright thoughts. I recommend that teenagers should implement these methods that the interviewee performs because if the teenagers in our community were to be depressed and unsatisfied with life, they will grow to be unsuccessful men. Schools should make psychology classes that can help teenagers in their school learn more about how to be happy. This matter is very important because if our teens were to be unhappy then our community will fall to the ground because in the future they wont be successful. Scientists that understand about teenagers must perform more research and studies on the happiness in teenagers to help find more ways for them to be happy. Critical Reflection When the second semester in school started, a sudden rush hit me. I remembered that in the second semester we are supposed to take research classes, and in the end of the year were supposed to hand the teacher a full research project that will hold a high percentage of our report card grade. I was scared, until the first research period. Our teacher came and explained what research is and how easy it is if we follow 10 simple steps in the coming months. He also told us that this would help us in our university, especially because Im going to pursue a medical career. The first step wasnt very hard. I already had some areas in mind that I would love to know more about. I wrote the three areas easily, but the hard part was picking the one I wanted to work on most. In the end, I chose the topic I want most, and the one that seems to be the most informative. Until now, I felt great and satisfied with the research. In the second step, I had to pick the best title for my research. I had to check what I wanted to find in this research first to put the most suitable title. Until know the steps seem to be very simple, yet I knew I had a long way to go. I took a look at some research samples of the previous year. It was then when I became shocked and terrified. These samples seemed to be very complicated and long. I knew Im still very far from being able to perform a proper research. In the third step, I had to find some research questions that show my aim of this research. I asked the teacher for some guidance because I didnt want to pick a very complicated research question that needs time and relentless effort to perform. I felt relieved when I asked my teacher about it because as it seems the research questions I was going to choose were very complicated. In the fourth step, I had to figure how am I going to gather my information and in what method. This step felt like a break because I already planned before how am I going to gather my information. The fifth and sixth step were the hardest so far. I felt very pressured because we only had limited time to perform these steps. Finding the proper questions for my interview was very difficult, but with my teachers help I was able to finish in time. When I finished formulating my interview questions, I had to look for the best interviewee. This task was easy because I already had a person in mind. The seventh step wasnt hard, yet it was time consuming. I felt really pressured due to the fact we had two weeks left, and I still have many questions regarding the research. In this step I had to transcribe the whole interview on the computer. I felt like this step would take forever. I just kept on typing and typing non-stop until I finished transcribing it. Here I was in the last three steps. I was scared, yet thrilled that Im almost done from the research. This step wasnt very complicated, but finding the correct information was very hard. I hardly found some literary reviews for my topic. These steps took a lot of time. For a second I thought I would never finish this research on time. So I worked very hard to finish this research, which took me days and nights of non-stop typing and searching. In the end, I was able to get this research done. I felt very happy and relieved because the final graded assignment of this year is finally over. References Martin, P. (2005).  Making Happy People: The Nature of Happiness and Its Origins in . Childhood. Paul Martin. HarperPerennial. Stein, C. (2011). How To Be Happy (p. 41). New York: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Retrieved from https://www.orangetreetheatre.co.uk/files/press-releases/OrangeTreeTheatrePressRelease-HowToBeHappy_0.pdf Strack, F., Schwarz, N., Gschneidinger, E. (1985). Happiness and reminiscing: The role of time perspective, affect, and mode of thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(6), 1460-1469. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.49.6.1460

sin city Essay -- essays research papers

Sin City   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A beautiful woman stands on the balcony of a skyscraper looking out at the forest of massive buildings. A man exits the party and approaches her from behind. He lets her hear his footsteps. They have a small conversation, he offers her a cigarette, then shoots her. This is just the beginning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sin City is comprised of four stories. The film begins and ends with the story of a hit man (Josh Hartnett). But Hartnett plays only a small role in the film. The main three tales are outlandishly awesome.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Hartnett’s piece, the movie goes into the story of a policeman (Bruce Willis) who saves a little girl from a child molester, only to have it ruin the rest of his life. He is shot many times and left for dead. Willis’ story is cut off, leaving you hungry to know how it ends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then the most savage character I have ever seen in a movie is introduced. His name is simply Marv (Mickey Rourke). He is a massive, muscle-bound, huge-chinned mad man. A beautiful blond bombshell seduces him, and it is the greatest night of his life. He wakes up with her dead body next to him. Then Marv makes it his life mission to find, torture, maim, and kill everyone that had to do anything with it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Marv’s story concludes, you are introduced to Dwight (Clive Owen), another murderous mad man. Dwight is a murderer with a new face and is tryi...

Tiger Woods Essay -- Golf Biographies Papers

Tiger Woods â€Å"Given the year we just experienced in golf, it would be phenomenal if we see anything in 2001 that will even remotely compare. We witnessed an incredible season by the game’s most dominant player-in this era or any other. We saw how fans and players alike could respect the game in an international competition. And, we have seen the game’s visibility skyrocket† (Strange 20). â€Å"Are you ready for me† (Kindred 232)? -Tiger Woods arriving on the tour with this famous television commercial that presented him not only as a talented golfer but also as an in your face crusader against racial discrimination. These quotes make it clear of Tiger Woods’ impact on the game of golf and the entertainment world in general. But how did he get that way? Under Gardener’s Model, Woods fits in the bodily kinesthetic intelligence, but all professional athletes possess this trait. To be the greatest in the sport of golf, a player must possess multiple intelligences. Tiger Woods is great because he blends that with great intrapersonal, and interpersonal skills, and his minor intelligences of verbal linguistic, and scholastic achievement. Childhood/ Origins of the Dominant Intelligence: Eldrick â€Å"Tiger† Woods is obviously a master in the bodily kinesthetic intelligence. The part African American, part Asian golfer was born December 31, 1975 in Orange County California to Earl and Kultida Woods. Earl Woods introduced him to the game almost immediately, and by the age of two he was already a star, appearing on â€Å"CBS News† and the â€Å"Mike Douglas Show†, putting with the legendary Bob Hope. The next year he shot a 48 for nine holes at the Navy Golf Club in Cypress, California. ... ...4-G8. â€Å"Is Tiger Woods the Greatest Golfer Ever?† http://www.standrewsgolf.ws/tiger-woods 2000. Kindred, Dave. â€Å"Tiger Woods Grows Up. Golf Digest April 2000: 77-78, 232-242. McDaniel, Pete. â€Å"Take the Tiger Test.† Golf Digest April 2000: 80-83. â€Å"PGA Championship Rating Jumps from Last Year.† www.synchrocanada.com/99PGAChamp/aug16-pga.html. 1999. Sherman, Ed. â€Å"Roots of success parked in garage.† www.chicagosports.com. 2001. Spitzer, Gabriel. â€Å"Tiger, Tiger, burning bright-and costing big bucks.† www.medialifemagazine.com. 2001. Strange, Curtis. â€Å"An Eye on the Game.† Golf Magazine January 2001: 20. Villiotte, Erin. â€Å"Williams World Challenge Presented by Target to Benefit Special Charities.† www.twfound.org. 2001, Pgs. 1-2. www.pgatour.com/players/bios. 2001. www.texnews.com. 2001, Pg. 1-5. www.world.std.com. 2001

Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

In Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield goes through many events in just three days that seemed to impact his life a lot. He began to realize things about himself, and changes occurred within him. Now it's 35 years later and Holden has grown up, and has finally entered the real world. Holden now works for a high school as a student counselor, and deals with problems of children everyday. He is very well liked at the school and he has only been there for three years. He sometimes gets attached with the students dilemmas, but that is not necessarily a bad thing. He is also the leader of the schools Students Reaching Out program. Holden has enjoyed his job ever since he has started and has never thought of leaving it. Holden now lives in the small town of Wellingville in California. He is married to a women he met when he went back to college and they have 2 kids, both girls. One is 6 and the other is 3. Holden's wife has all the qualities that Jane did. A very sweet women with a great personality. They made a perfect couple. He has gave his kids financial and emotional support that his own parents never gave him. Cole Cuchna 12/2/99 Per7 He does this because he doesn't want his kids to go through what he did growing up. Holden has made many compromises as he has grew up. Through his daily therapy he realized that he can't be everything he wants to be. He can't save every child he meets from growing up and entering the real world. Every child loses their innocents sometime in their life, and Holden becomes to realize that. As he matures he doesn't try to save them from the real world, but he helps them accept it. This is why Holden is a good counselor for teenagers because teenagers are usually just beginning to enter the real world and Holden can help them through it. Also, as he grew he picked up on a hobby. Everyday after work, Holden goes to the local park and feeds the ducks. Everyday he does this, in the winter time and everything. It gives him time to think about what went on in the day and helps him concentrate on any issues he might be having at the time. As Holden grew up, he matured a lot but he also did retain some of his childhood qualities. One of these such qualities is his constant changing of personalities. He will go from thinking he is crazy, to then thinking he is something else.

A Battle to Your Death Essay

Advertisements for medications have been filling the pages of magazines ever since the first pharmaceutical companies have been synthesizing drugs. Since the late 1800’s, consumers have been exposed to medication advertised the same way that a company might push a new detergent to buyers. Heated debates have exploded in regards to drug advertisements, coming to head in recent years with attempts by government officials to limit the amount of ads that sell medication (â€Å"National Conference†). While one may look back on drug advertisements from fifty years ago and laugh because they seem elementary, they influenced members of society and they continue to do so to this day. Despite the obvious positive affects of pharmaceutical drugs, the constant bombardment of drug advertising has a negative affect on consumers at large. All through history, there have been people destined to heal. A cornerstone of medicine, from the earliest shaman to the now graduating medical school class, has been the drugs used to treat illness. See more: The stages of consumer buying decision process essay The advent of modern medicine, beginning in 1938, has seen a major expansion of prescription drugs (Tomes 627). Because medication has become such a large part in most people’s lives, pharmaceutical businesses have evolved. Not only do medication companies care about profits, but also they are also concerned with the safety and effectiveness of their drugs. These companies need a way to get these compounds out of the public, and they accomplish this in a way not possible for other businesses. Big Pharma – the term used to refer to major drug companies – uses two different types of advertising to reach the public (Sidiqi). What people see on the TV, the commercials for things such as Restless Leg Syndrome or Bipolar Disorder, is termed direct-to-consumer advertising, or simply DTCA. This is a common tactic for all businesses, including big pharma. However, unlike other products, medications are restricted in that they need to be prescribed by a physician. Everyone is able to go to the store to buy the new detergent on television, but not everyone can get the medication advertised on the television. Drug companies have a unique way of dealing with this problem – in addition to advertising to consumers, doctors are also targeted. Physicians are approached in hospitals much like one is approached by a car salesman – high-pressure tactics, quick talking and glossing over negative facts while playing up the positive. Detail men – representatives of each individual pharmaceutical organization (Silverman)– have several ways in order to â€Å"sell† their drug to a physician. Free lunches, vacations and various office supplies inscribed with the drug company’s logos are used as gimmicks in an effort to make doctors â€Å"side† with a pharmaceutical company – therefore making the physician prescribe their medication over another. With the advent of direct-to-consumer advertisement, people are constantly bombarded with messages and warning concerning their health. Seeing an ad for a new medication makes one contemplate their own health: â€Å"Am I eating well? † or â€Å"Should I quit smoking? †Ã‚   Although all forms of drug advertisements may have deleterious effects, DTCA may, with a small part of the population, serve to make people more aware of their health. With the arrival of websites such as WebMD, patients may also use the Internet in order to discover information significant to wellness. Although most want pharmaceutical companies to run philanthropically, they are subject to the same follies of any other industry. Money runs countries and economies, and in order to stay afloat, the pharmaceutical industry must focus their attention to profits. While big pharma gets a return of 14% profit (compared to 5% for the majority of Fortune 500 companies), those extra profits are used for research into new medication, in essence, going right back to the consumer (Tomes 630). Scientists and researchers cost a lot – therefore, drug companies must financially support research into new lines of medication. Most people work and live in such a way to attain better living conditions. The drive to increase wealth improves the medical community. Just like every market, drug companies try to make better products in order to out sell their competition – the idea being the best product â€Å"wins† in the market. If one medication is proven to be better than another, then the â€Å"losing† drug company will pour money into research to generate more sales. While new medications are being produced because of a laissez-fair market, many want government to step in. One of the biggest issues in this election year is socialized health care. More people than ever are focusing on the health of the impoverished. On more and more medication commercials, one sees or hears things such as â€Å"Having trouble paying for your medications? Astra-Zeneca can help. †Ã‚   Government officials, doctors and drug companies are beginning to cater to, and help save the lives of, the poor. Imagine for a moment, this scenario: A construction worker hurts herself outside the job. She does not quality for workman’s compensation because the accident did not occur on the clock, but she is in so much pain she cannot go back to work. Sitting in the free clinic (she cannot afford anything better – her construction firm does not offer affordable health insurance), a doctor sees her into the room. The doctors leaves the room, after assuring her that her injury is not serious, with an armful of medication – anti-inflammatories, pain killers and muscle relaxers to help. Pharmaceutical companies hand out free medications to physicians in order to help sell their product (Goodman, 232). What’s the difference between Tide, a company that makes laundry detergent, and Lilly, a company that makes prescription medication? One will get your clothes clean – the other will save your life. Drug companies demand that they be treated just as any other industry in regards to advertising to the public (â€Å"National Conference†). Big Pharma markets to both doctors and patients, trying to influence both to choose their medication over another. Both forms of advertising – pushing drugs on doctors and DTCA – are detrimental to public health and safety. Detail men are everywhere in the health care field. Walk into a hospital, a free clinic or a private doctors office, one thing remains the same – the tissue boxes, the pens and the clipboards. All these simple office supplies are â€Å"donated† from a drug company, bearing their insignia. While one may think it is only the new doctors, the ones that are not well versed in medicine quite yet, are the only ones that will actually be swayed by detail men, study after study proves this false. All physicians, old and new, are susceptible to this phenomenon (Goodman, 236). The implications for this can be disastrous. A close look at Vioxx details what happens when doctors listen to drug companies and not science. The more money spent on a medication, the more likely the medication will be prescribed (Goodman 237). Such is the case with Vioxx and Celebrex, a new class of anti-inflammatory drug called COX-2. Both of these drugs have lead to many deaths, massive recalls and suits from patients. Why would such a dangerous medication prescribed to patients? Shouldn’t the doctors know better? In 1999, the year that both drugs were released, a total of $4. 4 billion dollars was spent on advertising these drugs to both doctors and consumers. This advertising, â€Å"lead to overuse of these new and expensive drugs† (Schneider 140). Doctors and patients both accepted these new COX-2 medications, and there was no foresight into the dangers of this medication. Advertising, coupled with apathetic doctors, lead to hundreds of deaths. DTCA has its pitfalls as well. The use of advertisements on the Internet, television and the radio has drastically changed the doctor-patient relationship (Weber 172). No longer do people go to the doctor for advice. Rather, after looking on WebMD and deciding they have X disease, and seeing on television a drug to treat said disease, the patient storms into the doctors office, demanding a medication for a self-diagnosed disease (Weber 172). A layman cannot doctor himself and expect a healthy, good result. It leads only to misdiagnosis, unneeded medication and perhaps death. Stated earlier, drug companies have a fourteen percent profit margin, in contrast to Fortune 500 firms that make an average five percent profit. That means that drug companies make nine percent more in profits than some of the biggest companies in the world. Even one percent equals billions of dollars that pads the wallets of big pharma. Drugs are like candy in this country – â€Å"Americans apparently consume more prescription drugs than their counterparts in other developed nations, roughly twice as many per person as Europeans† (Tomes 630). As well as consuming more prescription drugs that any other developed country by two fold, Americans are the last to support poor nations with drugs to treat â€Å"AIDS, malaria, and other deadly diseases† (Tomes 632). That extra nine percent – billions and billions of dollars in extraneous profit – could be used to further the health of, not only this country, but also the entire world. The construction worker mentioned earlier benefited from free drugs. She could not afford them, but thanks to the population’s altruistic friends at big pharma, she received them free. Proponents would like people to believe this fallacy in order to keep their most successful way to advertise drugs – through doctors – alive. All social groups, not only the uninsured or poor, receive free medication. Experts have proven over and over that free medications does not help the poor as much as big pharma would like the public to believe (â€Å"Drug Samples,† â€Å"Free Drug Samples†). Pharmaceutical companies care only about patients when they are ill. This means big pharma wants more sick people, because sick people equal profit. Medicine corporations, besides not helping the poor, target against them. Because they cannot pay for medication, â€Å"the patterns [the researchers] found indicate that pharmaceutical firms may be directing their samples to physicians and clinics least likely to care for the uninsured† (â€Å"Drug Samples†). The purpose of those free hand outs is simple. No company will ever distribute free product, especially when that product needs to come in installments to be effective. If a doctor has a few days worth of medication, he is more likely to prescribe that medication to the patient out of convenience for both. For example, assume that someone comes into a doctor’s office with a cold, demanding relief. Whether or not the cold can be remedied by any medication (most colds are viral, and cannot be cured by antibiotics), the doctor, instead of educating the annoying, pushy patient, gives the him a box of medication in order to at least mentally sedate them. Free drugs are ways for pharmaceutical companies to get their medications prescribed. If a doctor has a box of a few pills to give to a patient in the office, he will prescribe the same medication (Wolfe 1). If the medication is once-a-day for X amount of days, and the doctors picks the medication of which he has a sample, that equals quite a big profit for the company. The so-called philanthropic free medication is just another marketing ploy for increased profits. While modern medicine depends on the positive effects of pharmaceutical medication, the non-corporal influences of prescription drugs has a largely harmful effect on society as a whole. Advertising life or death can never have a positive outcome. Drug companies manipulate the public in their advertising to doctors and patients. Next time you are at the doctor’s office, just think – has the treatment you are receiving been scripted by a man in a suit, offering your doctor a free lunch in exchanged for your health? Works Cited â€Å"Drug Samples Seen as Unlikely to Reach Poor or Uninsured. †Ã‚   Medpage Today. 4 January 2008. 2 November 2008. . â€Å"Free Drug Samples May Put Children at Risk. †Ã‚   Medpage Today. 6 October 2008. 2 November 2008. . Goodman, Bob. â€Å"Do Drug Company Promotions Influence Physician Behavior? †Ã‚   West J Med 174. 4(2001): 232-233. National Conference of State Legislatures; the Forum for America’s Ideas. â€Å"Marketing and Direct-to-Consumer Advertising. †Ã‚   2008. 22 Sept. 2008   . Tomes, Nancy. â€Å"The Great American Medicine Show Revisted. †Ã‚   Bull. Hist. Med. 79 (2005): 627 – 663. Sidiqi, Sarah. â€Å"Letters to the Editor; Pharmaceutical Influence? †Ã‚   The Nurse Practitioner 28. 5 (2003). Silverman, Milton, Philip R. Lee, and Mia Lydecker. â€Å"How the Drug Companies Kill One Million People a Year. † July-Aug. 1982. University of California. 4 Nov. 2008 . Weber, Lenoard J. Profits Before People? Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2006. Wolfe, Sidnye. â€Å"Drug Advertisements That Go Straight to the Hippocampus. †Ã‚   Lancet 384. 9028 (1996): 632.

Introduction Technology Enhanced Learning In Education Education Essay

â€Å" The Internet is a timely tool for pedagogues who are reforming instruction. If we believe information is the bedrock of cognition, understanding and power, so cosmopolitan entree, to worldwide databases and latest, planetary information and people-to-people networking, is important to supplying pupils with educational challenges. † Children and striplings in modern societies are turning up in a universe where engineering is present everyplace. The extended usage of Information and Communication Technologies ( ICT ) by striplings in their day-to-day life for leisure, amusement and societal interaction is doing a great impact on their acquisition demands, demands and outlooks. They need to larn accomplishments and competencies, for self-development, engagement in society every bit good as for future occupations. Furthermore, they are besides progressively utilizing ICT for any learning intents, frequently outside the schoolroom. This gives rise to new ways of acquisition, including informal 1s which are shaped by new ICT tools, offering exciting larning chances that are basically different than earlier tools. This is the ground why instruction is sing a major invention and the instrument in this development is the computing machine. Computers and cyberspace installations are nowadays available in all our province schools: from primary to secondary and besides at the third degree. It is expected that instruction will see ICT as a major instruction and larning tool across all educational establishments. With its power of interactivity, multimedia and communicating, the computing machine proves an first-class tool for instruction. Psychologists believe that the best feedback is that which comes instantly after the event. What can be more immediate than ‘surfing ‘ the cyberspace and acquiring the consequences wished for within seconds? Of class, the usage of ICT in instruction brings along the demand to larn how to utilize this medium decently because there are legion ways in which the computing machine can be integrated within the learning procedure. Therefore new learning methods need to be explored, equipment has to be purchased, installed, on a regular basis maintained and instructors require preparation. This finally leads to consequences which decidedly need to be evaluated and reviewed for farther betterment.1.1.1 Virtual Learning EnvironmentRecent old ages have seen a considerable scope of tools and programmes that support online acquisition. One such type is a practical acquisition environment which is a web-based information-rich acquisition environment that provides a scope of tools and installations for scholars and instructors to work together. INSPIRAL, a undertaking in the United Kingdom, defined practical acquisition environments as follows: â€Å" VLEs are web-based toolkits that facilitate larning through the proviso and integrating of online instruction and acquisition stuffs and tools. † INSPIRAL ( 2001 ) This brings about a displacement in the important function of the instructor, from that of ‘gatekeeper ‘ of cognition to that of ‘facilitator ‘ and ‘manager ‘ of the acquisition environment, in order to run into the demands of the pupils. Therefore, the pupil, through the counsel of the instructor, sets precedences and accomplishable ends and takes on the duty for making the set ends. Students have the chance to prosecute in autonomous acquisition experiences and activities that promote self-expression, co-operative acquisition and interaction non merely with their immediate environment but with the outside universe every bit good.Aims of the ProbeThere is a sense of urgency for instruction establishments to happen ways to move in favor of the new larning coevals in order to enable new ways of larning guaranting that the accomplishments for future occupations are acquired. It is indispensable to do certain that 21st century acquisition in Europe, p articularly in Malta, becomes more efficient, just and advanced than it of all time was in the yesteryear. The European 2020 scheme high spots of import tendencies, which will take to a extremist transmutation in instruction taking up new accomplishments needed for new occupations. In this regard, e-learning has many assets to offer so as to reenforce and do more accessible educational facets. Teachers hence need to go go-betweens between pupils, cognition and engineering while internet-based societal networking will be a complimentary characteristic to practical acquisition. This scheme aims at sharing best patterns on e-learning undertakings across Europe with a peculiar accent on mobility, quality criterions, instructors ‘ preparation and games. At the European Council held in Lisbon in March 2000, 15 European Heads of Government set a end for Europe to go the most competitory knowledge-based economic system in the universe, capable of sustainable economic growing with more and better occupations and greater societal coherence. Due to the fact that ICT and other related policies play a cardinal function in accomplishing the ends of the Lisbon scheme, the renewed Lisbon ends of 2005 included programs to ease invention through the execution of ICT and higher investing in human capital. Brian Restall, ( 2008 ) in the study ‘The Development of eServices in an Hypertrophied Europium: eLearning in Malta ‘ , presents the consequences of a research on e-learning in Malta. The authorities invested well in ICT in public schools in the last decennary. This has allowed the Maltese instruction sector to be ranked as one of the most technologically connected in the universe. All province schools are networked, connected to broadband cyberspace with a computing machine and an enterprise has been launched to utilize ICT across the course of study. However it is worthy of note that the deficiency of expertness and practical support in seting into pattern e-learning in the course of study, together with appropriate preparation both for instructors and pupils, is still lending significantly to the restrictions of consumption. In fact, most of the attempts that have been noted locally were in most instances consequences of independent attempts at the integrating of ICT in instruction. E-learning is non about taking classroom-based acquisition and forcing it down a wire. Rather, e-learning nowadayss a new position on how engineering can be applied to heighten what instructors do good now, and to present new advanced ways to maximize the handiness, enjoyment and the effectivity of larning for the person. Indeed, online acquisition can besides let educational experiences to be tailored to the demands of persons or groups of persons. Other societal groups, such as scholars with household committednesss and with disablements, can besides profit if the physical and temporal obstructions to instruction are removed with the aid of engineering. â€Å" A major challenge which the present instruction system faces is the effectual and efficient operation of the different educational services in order to supply quality instruction ‘for all kids to win ‘ , a taking aim of the Ministry of Education. The educational substructure and system has grown to such an extent that it requires a more timely and effectual bringing of services and support. † Although the research carried out in this peculiar country has non been conclusive, the ‘laptop for instructors ‘ enterprise, and other similar attempts[ 1 ]hold proven to lend to instructors ‘ betterment of ICT literacy. In secondary schools particularly, holistic attacks to ICT integrating should go the norm instead than the exclusion. The ICT accomplishments that Maltese pupils are geting during their ICT lessons need to be used in other topics in order to implant the accomplishments gained. Some schools are already trying inter-disciplinary and cross-curricular classs and are gaining the potency of ICT ; nevertheless more schools need to do such a measure. On the other manus, a recent â€Å" cognition function † exercising conducted by the World Bank ‘s Information for Development Programme ( InfoDev ) ( Trucano, 2005 ) revealed that, despite decennaries of big investings in ICT to profit instruction in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) states, information to back up the theoretical benefits from ICT are limited. After gaining the job that occurred within the past old ages where merely classroom-based acquisition was taking topographic point without instructors doing usage of ICT tools, as described in this subdivision and as summarised below, the chief aims that this thesis will try to make are: How to outdo integrate the usage of ICT with the acquisition of Mathematics, viz. the subject of Algebra Derive an penetration and hence compare the interactions that happen in the schoolroom and on-lineStructure of the ProbeThe first portion of this thesis gives a reappraisal of different literatures and surveies that have taken topographic point global. Emphasis is put on those coming from the United Kingdom, besides those from Malta. This is because, Maltese instruction has invariably moved, someway, in conformity with British instruction. The method of how the research was carried out will so be explained in item and eventually the informations and consequences obtained will be analysed and compared. The thesis will reason with some recommendations given to instructors who would wish to better, with the aid of ICT, the mathematical acquisition experience offered in Maltese schools.

Functioning Of Municipal Schools Education Essay

With the feverish competition today youth want to be perfect in whatever they attempt to make whether it is in academic surveies, athleticss or cultural activities. Therefore the instruction in A.P. Municipality Act 1965 under subdivision 130 with Rule 42 of Taxation and Finance, regulations appended to the APM ACL 1965, have become more flexible in the constitution of their schools and conveying flawlessness in their attack. Harmonizing to this policy the municipality can incur outgo connected with instruction on the points like preparation of instructors and care of schools etc. Aiming at flawlessness the municipal schools besides aim at excellence and that is possible by presenting the undermentioned policies: Constitution and care of schools Construction and care of school edifices Training of instructors Excellence would intend giving our best in whatever we do. Our best attempts are different from another individual ‘s best attempts, and these can non be compared because everyone has strengths and restrictions. Therefore, â€Å" instruction in the A.P. Municipality Act as mentioned in the subdivision 31, would name commissions to tap the interior resources of their staff and pupils. They would name commissions to preparation of reappraisals, and general supervision of development programmes, associating to instruction and public assistance of SCs, BCs and adult females and kids among others. The station – Independence India placed great significance on the instruction of its citizens, and making literacy to the nook and corner of the state. The establishing male parents of the state and the fundamental law shapers did non experience the necessity to do instruction a cardinal right as they thought that the State will go forth no rock unturned in doing everyone educated all literate. But the State and the cardinal Government failed to populate up to the outlook of the establishing male parents of the state and both fell level on this basic and cardinal responsibility. Education is non even mentioned explicitly as an country of nucleus concern for municipalities in A.P. and it is a gray country. It is taking cue from subdivision 31A above that the function of municipalities in â€Å" managing † instruction is restricted. The administrative map of naming caput Masterss and instructors in the municipal schools, managing and pay outing their wages, advancing and reassigning the staff, and keeping the care of the municipal schools under their direction is taken attention by the municipal governments. But most of these academic maps rest with the instruction section. The mark of cosmopolitan instruction remained a mirage with big subdivisions of the society unable to direct their small 1s to school. Even primary instruction, non to talk of higher instruction did non make the door – stairss of larger figure of people. In A.P. Municipal schools exist merely in 13 territories of the 23 territories in the province. About 2100 Municipal schools are working in the province. About 1400 primary schools, 400 Upper primary schools, and 300 Secondary schools are working in the province. Over 3.5 lakh kids are enrolled in these schools, and 8100 instructors are working in the municipal schools with teacher – student ratio of 1:45, 1:49, and 1:40 in primary, upper primary and secondary schools severally. But one tends to oppugn these pupils who are enrolled in these Municipal schools, how far they have acquired cognition in ego confidence/ one tends to oppugn the regularity of the instructors to the school and the credibleness of their work.1.5. 2 Municipal Schools in Vijayawada – Krishna District, A.PVijayawada, besides called â€Å" Vidyalawada † ( topographic point of instruction ) occupies a big sum of the educational substructure of Andhra Pradesh. The metropolis was named â€Å" the educational Sahara † by a foreign embassador. Education in the metropolis is implemented by both the authorities and private establishments. Vijayawada Municipal Corporation ( VMC ) takes attention of the authorities educational establishments. Municipalities responsible for opening / up-gradation of schools in the urban countries are under Municipal Corporation. A Municipality is a unit for all intents. All instructors in a municipality are under one unit for intents of publicity or reversion etc. Panel commission in the municipality has the authorization for publicity of instructors. Teachers are transferred from one school to another in the same municipality. Municipal governments inspect the schools. Wages of instruction and non instruction staff are paid by the authorities. But it is reduced to the extent of educational revenue enhancement collected by the municipality. RTE Act 2009, reminds the schools to include in the course of study â€Å" basic hygiene, environmental cleanliness, good societal etiquette and political behaviour. † ( Act 6.5 ) every bit good as life accomplishments ( Act 6.6 ) together with the accent on, non merely on one ‘s rights but on one ‘s surveies specially to society. ( Act 6.8 ) ( Act 7.6 B ) insists on developing and implementing â€Å" criterions for preparation of instructors † . The policy ( 4.14 ) provinces that â€Å" thorough periodic developing the instructors are equipped with up – to – day of the month cognition and pedagogical accomplishments including the usage of new educational engineerings. In the changed and quickly altering scenario good wonts of work-ethics are inculcated † . Tendencies in registration show a clear displacement to private schools in urban countries like Vijayawada. The municipal schools slowdown behind in the undermentioned countries – deficiency of motive to the staff, hapless substructure, deficiency of sanitation installations, deficiency of topic, deficiency of equal instructors, teacher absenteeism, use of the age old methodological analysiss in learning English, faulty scrutiny system etc are some of the factors taking to hapless public presentation of pupils, ensuing in low demand for these municipal schools. It is said that instructors must make bold to larn things beyond the course of study and do acquisition gratifying utilizing some utile instruction AIDSs. There is a slow and gradual realisation among the educationalists, that the households of the hapless pupils who attend municipal schools still remain hapless in malice of their traveling to school. This is due to miss of proper learning installations in authorities schools which stick to minimum instruction. Professor Martin Woodhead besides said that there is a demand to reform authorities schools to present choice instruction at least for the interest of those hapless who will still go on to direct merely their male childs to private schools. Government schools will still be a blessing to girl child instruction. While the world reflects the above outlook what is noticed among the municipality schools is much distant and out dated from the world.InfrastructureClass suites: Insufficiency of suites to suit is a job in municipal high schools. Problems exist with respect to airing and sufficient infinite for all the kids in all the category suites. Headmaster ‘s office and staff room: In the urban municipal schools in Vijayawada there is one room that is used as the Head Master ‘s room every bit good as the office with the files stacked behind. There is no equal topographic point to hive away and exhibit the assorted shields, trophies and souvenirs won by the school and its squads. Labs: There is no sole infinite for a research lab in any of the schools visited. There are a little figure of incontrovertible AIDSs and equipment in high schools, but the same are stacked in closets inside schoolrooms. In the instance of an upgraded school, research lab equipment is being borrowed from a neighbouring school and the same is returned after presentation in the category. Library: Libraries ideally provide entree to books in add-on to the schoolroom texts and make a nexus with the developments taking topographic point outside. Storage of books in the best of municipal schools is found non satisfactory. Books are non made accessible to the pupils for whom they are meant to be extra reading stuff. Common suites for misss: The Government of India has embarked on a mission to retain misss in schools through the National Programme Education for Girls at Elementary Level ( NPEGEL ) . Urban slums in Municipalities and Corporations of the four territories including Krishna territory was covered under the programme. It was seen that such room existed in one high school, but was non being utilized for the intent. The freshly constructed suites were being used as staff suites for female instructors. Drinking H2O and Toilets: Drinking H2O for kids has non been uniformly provided in all municipal schools. Sanitation installations or lavatories in schools are shared by the pupils and the instructors. This is a cause for concern as bead out among misss is usually attributed to hapless sanitation conditions in schools. Resort areas: Due the scarceness of infinite in urban countries, it is difficult to happen municipal schools with equal infinite for drama land for the pupils. Furniture for Staff and Students: Municipal schools have been missing in furniture for its pupils. There are barely any municipal schools, at all degrees, which have been benches for all the kids. This could perchance be one of the grounds for the parents in switching their kids to private schools. Performance: Look at the consequences achieved by municipal schools over the old ages, it is found that the base on balls per centum has been a assorted bag of success and failures. Some of the pupils of VMC have excelled academically despite hardships. The public presentation of Municipal School pupils in SSC Board exams over the last three old ages is systematically on an mean 60 % .Performance of Municipal School Students in SSC ExamsYear Municipal Schools All Schools No. Appeared No. Passed Pass % No. Appeared No. Passed Pass % 2008 – 09 21899 13084 59.75 799324 585781 73.28 2009 – 10 23140 13385 57.84 880252 643974 73.16 2010 – 11 22959 14607 63.62 956887 722137 75.47 As is seen from the tabular array above the public presentation of municipal schools is about 60 % while the overall public presentation in all schools is systematically about 74 % . Inspite of these consequences which indicate quantitatively good public presentation, their public presentation in English linguistic communication appears to be qualitatively hapless. As per the recent G.O. Ms No: 76 ( 2008 ) , English medium has been introduced at all degrees in municipal schools. However, the system is non adequately equipped to manage kids who wish to inscribe in English medium schools. A four twenty-four hours developing programme on Communicative English has been organized by the Education Department to all the instructors to heighten their cognition and accomplishment. But this does non look to to the full fit them to manage the categories.1.6 The Problems of Teaching / Learning EnglishThe manner English is taught in schools, particularly in municipal and authorities schools to a great extent responsible for the lowering of the criterion of English in India. The purpose of teaching/learning English linguistic communication is surely really high and the agencies are unequal to recognize them. The followers are some of the jobs faced by the instructors of English in Municipal schools:Dearth of Competent instructorsThe instructors of English at municipal schools do non update themselves with the recent developments in the field of linguistics and latest methods of instruction ; hence, they are non able to learn English on par with the English instructors in the private schools. Though the instruction functionaries conduct developing programme one time a twelvemonth, the instructors give least importance to fit themselves with the latest methods of learning English. And besides these preparation programmes are conducted together along with the other capable instructors. So, the English linguistic communication instructors are non given much importance to fit themselves with the latest techniques.Job SatisfactionTeachers are non satisfied with their occupation. Most of the instructors look at their work as a load, do non take much involvement than what is compulsory. They are besides engaged in tonss of activities other than learning. They are really much comfortable utilizing the interlingual rendition method of learning E nglish.Competence of TeachersMost of the instructors ‘ competency of English is low. They have really limited or no pre-service preparation at all and had undergone barely any in-service preparation for the English linguistic communication. They are witting of it and therefore seem to endure from low self-pride.Constraint of clipThe instructors focus on syllabus completion. They do non hold sufficient clip to make other activities like brace work, group work, dramatisation etc. in the category. The instructors do non interact with the scholars. Teacher is the Centre of the linguistic communication category.Crowded ClasssThe size of the categories everyplace is well big and therefore, pupils ‘ engagement in the category work is rather impossible. The ratio of pupils in relation to teacher is non relative. This is one of the grounds why the instructors are unable to pay single attending to the pupils.Lack of CreativityLearners normally live in less supportive ( for instruc tion ) household and societal ambiance in stuff, emotional and fiscal footings. Most of them are first coevals scholars. They prefer to utilize the age old readymade notes for the scrutiny to go through. The pupils are non tapped to utilize their creativeness.Teacher ‘s and Student ‘s Regional Dialect impacting proper pronunciationThis is a really important job with most of the instructors learning English. When the instructors try to talk English, they carry their ain regional idiom into English. They have trouble in pronunciation and are non cautious about the emphasis and modulation of their ain address. They teach wrong phonic written texts, pronunciation, emphasis and modulation to the pupils. A big figure of instructors learning at school degree are unqualified. They have small thought of right use and none at all of right pronunciation. Their vocabulary is every bit limited as their reading. They are non familiar with the usage of modern learning techniques. Though the text books prescribe for different categories are skill-oriented, instructors are non equal plenty to learn them. The frequent alterations made in the policy sing English by the province and cardinal authorities has besides proved to be greatly damaging to the instructors and scholars of the linguistic communication.Teaching AidssClass room learning AIDSs and stuffs are by and large in short supply in schools, non to speak of audio-visual AIDSs like tape recording equipments, lingua phone programmes of movie strips. In some instances even pieces of chalk and black board are hard to obtain.ExaminationsIt is a commiseration that most of the scrutinies are in content oriented instead than skill-oriented. If at all any accomplishment is required to be displayed by the testers, it is their writing ability. Though reading, listening and talking accomplishments are given in the text books, they are neglected wholly in the scrutinies. With the constitution of organic structures like National Council of Educational Research and Training ( NCERT ) , National course of study has gained popularity and being progressively adopted by more and more provinces. Many of these syllabi provide adequate range for the development of the scholar ‘s abilities. However, the strangeness of the English instructor with both the purposes and aims of these course of studies and their usage about ever succeeds in get the better ofing the very intents for which they were ab initio framed. Teacher ‘s instruction is one major country which needs drastic alterations if quality instructors are to go available to develop the English linguistic communication accomplishments of the pupil.